Anti-aging Effect of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma：A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（GRR） has the function of replenishing vital energy and can lighten the body and prolong the life when taken for a long time， which is suitable for the development of anti-aging products， so this paper intends to sort out the progress of anti-aging research on GRR. After combing， the results of modern studies have shown that a variety of components in GRR have anti-aging effect， which can prolong the lifespan of aging animal models， as well as delay the aging of various systems. The anti-aging mechanisms mainly include anti-cellular senescence， anti-oxidative stress， inhibiting telomere shortening， maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and so on. The anti-aging ingredients of GRR involved in the researches mainly include ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1， in addition， ginsenoside Rg3， ginsenoside Rd， ginsenoside Rg2， ginsenoside Re， ginsenoside Rb2， oligosaccharides of GRR， polysaccharides of GRR， water extract of GRR， total saponins of Panax ginseng stems and leaves are also included. Therefore， under current background of population aging， the in-depth development of GRR and its transformation into anti-aging products are of great significance for delaying senility and improving the health conditions of aging population.

A propósito del debate actual sobre el envejecimiento en Cuba

El envejecimiento poblacional constituye uno de los logros y uno de los retos más importantes del desarrollo de las sociedades. La principal causa del envejecimiento es el descenso de la fecundidad de las mujeres, y en menor proporción la emigración externa, sobre todo de jóvenes. En Cuba, ya mueren más que los que nacen, debido fundamentalmente a los bajos niveles de reemplazo en la fecundidad, situación agravada en los años de la pandemia de COVID-19. Entre las consecuencias negativas del envejecimiento poblacional, se identifican cuatro principales: sanitarias, económicas, socioculturales y legales; entre las positivas, hay algunos reportes de cohortes de personas que llegan a edades avanzadas en mejor estado físico y mental. Los cambios ocurridos en la institución familiar en muchas sociedades y la discriminación por edad de los mayores, tienen consecuencias graves para la salud, el bienestar y los derechos humanos de los ancianos. Se considera que existe mucha información sobre el "diagnóstico" y el "pronóstico" del envejecimiento poblacional, pero hay menos acerca de acciones eficaces para su "tratamiento", aspecto complejo y difícil de enfrentar. Se exponen algunas propuestas de mitigación de estos inevitables cambios demográficos. El propósito de esta comunicación es comentar determinados aspectos del envejecimiento de la población cubana.

Population aging constitutes one of the achievements and one of the most important challenges in the development of societies. The main cause of aging is the decrease in the fertility of women and to a lesser extent external emigration, especially of young people. In Cuba, more people die than are born, mainly due to low replacement levels in fertility, a situation aggravated in the years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the negative consequences of population aging, four main ones are identified: health, economic, sociocultural and legal; among the positive ones, there are some reports of cohorts of people who reach advanced ages in better physical and mental condition. The changes that have occurred in the family institution in many societies and the age discrimination of the elderly have serious consequences for the health, well-being and human rights of the elderly. It is considered that there is a lot of information about the "diagnosis" and "prognosis" of population aging, but there is less about effective actions for its "treatment", a complex and difficult aspect to face. Some proposals are presented to mitigate these inevitable demographic changes. The purpose of this communication is to comment on certain aspects of the aging of the Cuban population.

Atención de salud al paciente anciano, desde la perspectiva de la relación discapacidad - envejecimiento

El número de personas que conviven con algún tipo de discapacidad ha ido en aumento en el último siglo. Esta tendencia se asocia al elevado número de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y al envejecimiento poblacional. Se desarrolló una revisión de documentos, artículos científicos y noticias publicadas en los últimos cinco años para conocer las nuevas tendencias en cuanto a los pacientes mayores de 60 años. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir la relación entre discapacidad y envejecimiento, sus características particulares y la atención de salud bucal de esta población. Se constató que los pacientes conforme avanza la edad, sufren cambios morfológicos a nivel de sus tejidos y sistemas. Las enfermedades bucales más comunes reportadas son la caries dental, enfermedad periodontal, edentulismo total o parcial y cáncer oral. Las actividades planificadas presentan un aumento en el enfoque de promoción y prevención de salud, así como el rediseño de planes de mantenimiento a largo plazo. Se concluye que el estudio resulta pertinente y necesario para la actualización y preparación de los profesionales de la estomatología en tiempos donde el aumento de la esperanza de vida es una tendencia. El estudio se desarrolla en el año actual como parte de un proyecto de investigación.

The number of people that you/they cohabit with some disability type has gone in increase in the last century. This tendency associates to the high number of patient with chronic illnesses not transferable and to the populational aging. A revision of documents, scientific articles and news published in the last five years to know the new tendencies as for the patients bigger than 60 years was developed. The objective of the present work is to describe the relationship among disability and aging, its particular characteristics and the attention of this population's buccal health. It was verified that the patients conform the age it advances, they suffer morphological changes to level of their fabrics and systems. The reported more common buccal illnesses are the dental cavity, illness periodontal, total or partial edentulism and oral cancer. The planned activities present an increase in the promotion focus and prevention of health, as well as the one redraws of plans of long term maintenance. It is concluded that the study is pertinent and necessary for the updating and preparation of dentistry professionals in times where the increase in life expectancy is a trend. The study is developed in the current year as part of an investigation project.

Investigation on the incidence of geriatric syndrome in Beijing area and analysis of influencing factors and its relationship with Barthel ADL score and quality of life / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of geriatric syndrome (GS) in Beijing area, and to analyze the relationship between GS and Barthel Index (Barthel ADL) score and quality of life. Methods From June 2018 to December 2018, a community-based or door-to-door survey of elderly people >65 years old in some communities in Beijing was conducted. The incidence of GS and its gender distribution, age distribution, and type distribution were investigated. At the same time, GS patients were selected as the observation group, and among people without GS in physical examination, a random sampling method was used to select the control group. The general data, Barthel ADL score, and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) score were compared between the two groups. The relevant influencing factors of GS and its correlation with the Barthel ADL score and WHOQOL-BREF scores were analyzed. Results Among 500 elderly people in the community investigated in the present study, 97.00% of patients had ≥1 types of GS, 84.80% of patients had ≥2 types, and 70.20% of patients had ≥3 types of GS. High education level (OR=0.329, 95%CI: 0.259-0.418) and retirement pension (OR=0.727, 95%CI: 0.576-0.918) were the protective factors for the occurrence of GS. Hyperlipidemia (OR=3.176, 95%CI: 2.518-4.007), diabetes (OR=2.473, 95%CI: 1.718-3.559), coronary heart disease (OR=2.658, 95%CI:1.649-4.286), hypertension (OR=3.230, 95%CI:2.008-5.197), osteoarthropathy (OR=4.166, 95%CI: 3.008-5.769), cancer (OR=3.008, 95%CI: 1.894-4.778), acute cerebral infarction (OR=3.420, 95%CI: 2.335-5.009), and acute myocardial infarction (OR=2.112, 95%CI: 1.169-3.814) were the risk factors for GS (P<0.05). The Barthel ADL score and WHOQOL-BREF score of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). GS was negatively correlated with Barthel ADL and WHOQOL-BREF scores (P<0.05). Conclusion GS was common in the elderly in Beijing, and its occurrence was related to factors such as education level, retirement pension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoarthropathy, cancer, acute cerebral infarction, and acute myocardial infarction. Strengthening the early assessment and management of GS will help improve the daily life and quality of life of the elderly.

Calidad de la atención al anciano en dos policlínicos del municipio de Santiago de Cuba / Quality of the elderly care in two polyclinics from Santiago de Cuba municipality

Introducción: El aumento del envejecimiento de la población es un hecho universal y uno de los problemas fundamentales del actual siglo, puesto que la salud integral de los ancianos está directamente relacionada con su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Evaluar el proceso de atención al anciano en unidades del nivel primario de salud. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud de tipo evaluativo de la calidad de la atención al anciano en dos policlínicos de Santiago de Cuba (policlínicos docentes Carlos Juan Finlay y Camilo Torres Restrepo), durante el año 2018, para lo cual se aplicaron formularios ya validados. De un universo constituido por 11 992 pacientes correspondientes a ambas instituciones sanitarias y por 280 historias clínicas de los ancianos frágiles atendidos por los grupos básicos de trabajo, se tomó una muestra de 260 y 40 historias clínicas, respectivamente. Resultados: En los consultorios médicos de la familia la evaluación realizada al anciano se estimó como mala; solo se remitía al geriatra una décima parte del total y las consultas y visitas a domicilios se cumplieron según lo planificado solo en una tercera parte de los pacientes, lo que condujo a resultados muy desfavorables en aspectos fundamentales como la realización del examen periódico de salud, la escala geriátrica de evaluación funcional y la evaluación del anciano. Por su parte, en el equipo básico de salud no se consideraron ni el examen periódico de salud como la herramienta con que se cuenta para evaluar a los ancianos en los aspectos sociales, funcionales, psicológicos y biomédicos, ni el valor de un plan de seguimiento médico; todo esto influenciado por un interrogatorio y un examen físico desfavorables. Conclusiones: La calidad del proceso de atención en el consultorio médico de la familia y en el grupo básico de trabajo evaluada como mal evidencia la falta de competencias al respecto y el desconocimiento de lo establecido para una adecuada atención al adulto mayor.

Introduction: The increase of population aging is an universal fact and one of the fundamental problems of this century, since the comprehensive health of elderly is directly related to their life quality. Objective: To evaluate the process of elderly care in units of the health primary level. Methods: An investigation in health systems and services of evaluative type of the quality of the elderly care in two polyclinics from Santiago de Cuba was carried out (Carlos Juan Finlay and Camilo Torres Restrepo teaching polyclinics), during 2018, for which validated forms were already implemented. A sample of 260 and 40 medical records was taken, respectively from a universe constituted by 11 992 patients belonging from both health institutions and by 280 medical records of frail elderly assisted by the work basic groups. Results: The evaluation carried out to elderly in the family doctor offices was considered as poor; just a tenth part of the total was referred to the geriatrician; the consultations and home visits were fulfilled according to schedule just in a third part of the patients, what led to very unfavorable results in fundamental aspects as the realization of the health periodic exam, geriatric scale of functional evaluation and elderly evaluation. On the other hand, in the health basic team neither health periodic exam was taken into consideration as the tool with which elderly are evaluated in the social, functional, psychological and biomedical aspects, nor the value of medical follow up schedule; all this influenced by an unfavorable interrogation and physical exam. Conclusions: The quality of the care process in the family doctor office and in the basic group of work evaluated as poor evidences the lack of competence in this respect and the ignorance of what is established for an appropriate care to the elderly.

Como que as mudanças nas taxas de mortalidade e expectativa de vida afetam a projeção da população idosa no estado de São Paulo? / How do changes in mortality and life expectancy affect the elderly population projection in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil?

Resumo Introdução O Brasil experimentou, ao longo do século XX, uma profunda mudança em relação à expectativa de vida ao nascer. Nesse processo, foi importante não somente a queda do nível da mortalidade para o grande aumento da expectativa de vida, mas também a mudança no padrão da mortalidade. Recentemente, vêm sendo discutidas mudanças no padrão de mortalidade nas idades mais avançadas, bem como o impacto no envelhecimento populacional. Entretanto, no Brasil, as discussões sobre a longevidade e o comportamento da mortalidade nas idades avançadas ainda são incipientes. Especialistas sugerem que projeções de mortalidade incorporem novas tendências de desaceleração da mortalidade em idades avançadas e explorem abordagens de coortes para suas formulações de tendências. Objetivo Estudar o efeito causado pelas mudanças no comportamento da mortalidade e da expectativa de vida na predição do tamanho da população idosa do estado de São Paulo. Método Método estendido de coortes componentes. Resultados Alterações no nível e no padrão da mortalidade têm um efeito maior na predição da população de 80 anos ou mais em comparação com a população de 60 anos ou mais. Ademais, considerar o gap da expectativa de vida entre os sexos é relevante para determinar o número futuro de idosos. Conclusão Ao utilizar países em diferentes estágios da transição epidemiológica como cenário futuro do padrão e do nível da mortalidade de São Paulo, o método estendido de coortes componentes se torna uma possibilidade metodológica interessante para avaliar o impacto dessas modificações para a projeção da população idosa, podendo ser uma ferramenta para a avaliação de políticas públicas.

Abstract Background Brazil experienced a significant change in life expectancy at birth in the 20th century. In this process, it is important to observe not only the decrease in mortality level and the increase in life expectancy, but also the change in mortality pattern, that is, how mortality occurred and which ages were most impacted. Recently, these changes in the mortality pattern at more advanced ages and their impact on population aging have been discussed more intensively. However, in Brazil, discussions about human longevity and mortality behavior in advanced ages are still incipient. Experts suggest that future studies and mortality projections incorporate new trends in decelerating mortality at advanced ages and explore cohort approaches in their trend formulations. Objective To study the effect of changes in mortality and life expectancy on predicting the elderly population size in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Method Extended cohort-component study. Results Changes in the level and pattern of mortality have a greater effect on the population aged ≥80 compared with that on the population aged ≥60. In addition, considering the life expectancy gap between sexes is relevant to determine the future number of older people. Conclusion The extended cohort component method is an interesting methodological approach to assess the impact of mortality changes on the elderly population projection by using different stages of the epidemiological transition as a future scenario

Adhere to the people-centered approach and actively respond to the aging of the population—there is a lot to be done for nursing / 中国实用护理杂志

Effective response to the aging of China′s population bears on the overall development of the country and the well-being of hundreds of millions of people. From the elderly social participation, intelligent media use and calm better death as the entry point actively promote healthy aging, happy aging through the community nursing, information nursing, hospice care and other perspectives. Nursing has always adhered to the people-centered, social reality needs as the guidance. It is expected to provide reference for improving the welfare construction of the broad masses of people represented by the elderly and facilitating the all-round promotion of the Healthy China strategy.

Envelhecimento populacional e financiamento público: análise do Rio Grande do Sul utilizando um modelo multissetorial / Population aging and public financing: an analysis of Rio Grande do Sul using a multisectoral model / Envejecimiento de la población y financiación pública: un análisis de Rio Grande do Sul utilizando un modelo multisectorial

Os efeitos econômicos do envelhecimento populacional é um tema ainda pouco estudado em países em desenvolvimento. No contexto brasileiro, o Rio Grande do Sul é um dos estados com maiores taxas de envelhecimento populacional. Esta mudança demográfica altera o perfil do consumo da economia, influenciando outras variáveis relacionadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os impactos das mudanças demográficas na arrecadação de impostos sobre consumo no Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, utilizou-se um modelo de insumo-produto regional. Os resultados mostram que o envelhecimento populacional gera um perfil de consumo que reduz a carga destes impostos na economia.

The economic effects of population ageing are rarely addressed in developing countries. In the Brazilian context, Rio Grande do Sul is one of the states with the higher rates of population ageing. This demographic change modifies the economy's consumption pattern, affecting other related variables. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the demographic changes in consumption taxes revenues in Rio Grande do Sul. To that end, a regional input-output model is used. The results show that the aging population generates a consumption profile that reduces the burden of these taxes on the economy.

Los efectos económicos del envejecimiento de la población son un tema todavía poco estudiado en los países en desarrollo. En el contexto brasileño, Rio Grande do Sul es uno de los estados con mayores tasas de envejecimiento de la población. Este cambio demográfico altera el perfil de consumo de la economía e influye en otras variables relacionadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los impactos de los cambios demográficos en la recaudación de los impuestos al consumo en Rio Grande do Sul. Para esto, se utiliza un modelo regional de insumos y productos. Los resultados muestran que el envejecimiento de la población genera un perfil de consumo que reduce la carga de estos impuestos en la economía.

Necesidad de capacitación al cuidador del adulto mayor / Need for training the caregiver of the elderly

Introducción: El envejecimiento poblacional es un reto para las sociedades modernas. La esperanza de vida condiciona un incremento en la población anciana, cada vez es mayor el número de personas que precisan de cuidados. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los cuidadores de adultos mayores del consultorio médico de familia No 9. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en 57 cuidadores informales de ancianos encuestados, pertenecientes al Consultorio Médico No 9 del Policlínico Docente Ramón González Coro entre octubre-diciembre 2017. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que por lo general el cuidador es un miembro de la familia del sexo femenino, con nivel de escolaridad secundaria terminada y edad entre 45-60 años, la cual asume la mayor parte de la responsabilidad de los cuidados del anciano, a tiempo completo, sin ayuda y sin vínculo laboral. Estas tienen pocos conocimientos relacionados con los cuidados del anciano y desconocen la forma de evitar o disminuir el grado de sobrecarga o estrés. Los cuidadores necesitan capacitación mediante seminarios, cursos en las escuelas para cuidadores domiciliares los cuales pueden estar dirigidas a cómo realizar el manejo de los ancianos que dependen de alguna persona; todo lo relacionado a la transición de los conocimientos sobre el autocuidado y el bienestar de ambas partes. Conclusión: Los cuidadores del área de salud en estudio se caracterizan por ser familiares femeninos, de edad madura, con nivel educacional medio a alto, pero con conocimientos insuficientes para la atención del anciano y su autocuidado(AU)

Introduction: Population aging is a challenge for modern societies. Life expectancy conditions an increase in the elderly population, resulting in a greater number of people requiring care. Objective: To characterize the caregivers of older adults in family doctor's office No. 9. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 57 informal caregivers of surveyed elderlies from the Medical Office No. 9, Ramón González Coro Teaching Polyclinic from October to December 2017. Results: The results showed that the caregiver is generally a female member of the family, with a high school level completed and aging between 45-60 years. This person takes most of the responsibility for the full-time care of the elderly, with no help and with no employment relationship. They have little knowledge related to the care of the elderly and do not know how to avoid or reduce the degree of overload or stress. Caregivers need training through seminars, courses at schools for home caregivers, which can be directed at how to manage the elderly who depend on someone; everything related to the transition of knowledge about self-care and the well-being of both parties. Conclusion: The caregivers of the health area under study are characterized by being female family relatives, middle age, high school or higher educational level, but with insufficient knowledge for providing care to the elderly and their self-care(AU)

The exploration of applicability of the intelligent technology to improve the elderly health management / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

China has entered an aging society. With the increasing number of the elderly population, various health problems in the population are common problems faced by the whole society and every family. In the search for effective health management approaches for the elderly, emerging intelligent technologies such as the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain, etc are gradually helping the elderly to improve their health conditions, improve the efficiency of public medical services, and save money. This paper briefly analyzes the applicability of intelligent technology integration under the current situation of health management for the elderly, points out the problems existing in its practical value, and expounds the methods in the process from "applicable" to "practical", aiming to put forward feasible suggestions on technology application for promoting the improvement of health management for the elderly in China. It also provides the solution research idea for the communication problem of how to integrate technology and business, which commonly exists in related workers of intelligent technology and medical and health industry intelligent technology and medical health industry.

Papel de Fidel Castro en los determinantes sociales de la salud en Cuba

En el texto de autodefensa "La historia me absolverá", el doctor Fidel Castro caracterizó la nefasta situación de salud del pueblo de Cuba y la vinculó de manera directa con el desfavorable estado socio-económico y de explotación en que se encontraba la mayoría de la población cubana. Se sintetiza esa situación con datos estadísticos de la época, se compara con la morbi-mortalidad de los últimos años, el aumento de la esperanza de vida, el envejecimiento poblacional y otros indicadores. Estos se han modificado por la atención priorizada que ha brindado la Revolución al mejoramiento de la salud y los determinantes sociales que influyen en ella, se muestran los avances en el cumplimiento del Programa del Moncada y su continuidad en los lineamientos aprobados por el VII Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba. Se aborda el incremento de los recursos humanos y del presupuesto anual destinado a la salud, se mencionan los resultados donde se evidencia la participación de las ideas y decisiones de Fidel en el prestigio internacional de la salud pública cubana. Este trabajo reconoce y destaca el papel de Fidel sobre los determinantes sociales de la salud en Cuba, en base al cumplimiento del Programa del Moncada, el desarrollo del sistema nacional de salud y su proyección hacia otros países.

In the self-defense text, "History will absolve me", Dr. Fidel Castro characterized the disastrous health situation of the people in Cuba and he linked it directly with the unfavorable socio-economic situation and exploitation for most of the Cuban population. Statistical data of those times is synthesized and compared with recent morbidity and mortality, life expectancy, population aging and other indicators. These indicators have been modified by the Revolution prioritized attention to the improvement of health and the social determinants. The progress in the fulfillment of Moncada Program and the continuity in the guidelines approved by the VII Congress of the Cuban Communist Party are shown. This paper addresses the increase in human resources and the annual budget allocated to health. The results are mentioned where the participation of Fidel's ideas and decisions is evident in the international prestige of Cuban public health. This work recognizes and highlights Fidel's role on the social determinants of health in Cuba, based on compliance with the Moncada Program, the development of the National Health System and its projection to other countries.

Envelhecimento populacional e gastos com saúde: uma análise das transferências intergeracionais e intrageracionais na saúde suplementar brasileira / Population aging and health spending: an analysis of intergenerational and intragenerational transfers in the Brazilian private health care plans / Envejecimiento de la población y el gasto en salud: un análisis de las transferencias intergeneracionales e intrageneracionales en los planes privados de salud de Brasil

O modelo de precificação de planos de saúde no Brasil prevê a imposição de limites de variação das mensalidades por faixa etária, possibilitando a transferência de recursos dos mais jovens, que têm menor risco de utilização, para aqueles em idades mais avançadas. O aumento da proporção de idosos nas carteiras dos planos de saúde poderá inviabilizar as transferências intergeracionais e a atual estrutura de precificação. O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a magnitude das transferências intergeracionais (entre diferentes grupos de idade) e intrageracionais (em um mesmo grupo de idade) na saúde suplementar brasileira, por meio da análise de dados de uma amostra representativa de operadoras de planos de saúde. Segundo os resultados encontrados, os saldos das transferências intergeracionais foram positivos e ocorrem dos mais jovens para beneficiários de 66 anos ou mais. Os resultados mostram ainda a ocorrência de transferências intrageracionais em duas das faixas etárias definidas pela legislação vigente: 0 a 18 anos e 59 anos ou mais. Finalmente, o exercício de retroprojeção demonstrou que nos últimos 15 anos a sinistralidade nos planos individuais apresentou constante aumento, indicando risco crescente de insuficiência das mensalidades para fins de custeio das despesas no médio prazo, em razão do envelhecimento populacional.

The health insurance pricing model in Brazil prohibits large variations of monthly fees by imposing strict premium rules by age. Therefore, intergenerational transfers may occur from younger age groups, who are lower-risk, to older ones. Population aging will result in a larger share of policyholders at older ages, increasing intergenerational transfers and making the current pricing structure unsustainable in the future. The aim of this article is to estimate the magnitude of intergenerational and intragenerational transfers (within the same age group) in the Brazilian private health care plans, by examining data from a representative sample of health insurance providers. We found intergenerational transfers to occur, on average, from policy holders younger than 66 years of age to older ones. Results also show significant intragenerational transfers within two of the age groups defined by existing legislation: 0 to 18 and 59 years and older. Finally, simulations using changes in the age structure over the last 15 years confirm population aging may result in larger intergenerational transfers with increasing loss-ratio over time.

El modelo de fijación de precios de seguros de salud en Brasil prohíbe grandes variaciones de las tarifas mensuales mediante la imposición de reglas estrictas por franja etaria, lo que posibilita transferencias intergeneracionales desde los grupos de edades más jóvenes, que son de menor riesgo, hacia los de edades más avanzadas. El envejecimiento de la población asegurada a la salud implicará un aumento de las transferencias intergeneracionales y hará que la estructura actual de precios sea insostenible en el futuro. El objetivo de este artículo es estimar la magnitud de las transferencias intergeneracionales (entre diferentes grupos de edad) e intrageneracionales (dentro del mismo grupo etario) en los planes de salud privados brasileños, mediante el análisis de los datos de una muestra representativa de los proveedores de seguros de salud. Según los resultados obtenidos, los saldos de las transferencias intergeneracionales fueron positivos y ocurren desde los más jóvenes hacia los asegurados de 66 años o más. Los resultados muestran también la ocurrencia de transferencias intrageneracionales en dos franjas etarias definidas por la legislación vigente: de cero a 18 años y de 59 años o más. Finalmente, el ejercicio de retroproyección demostró que en los últimos 15 años la siniestralidad en los planos individuales presentó un aumento constante, que indica un riesgo creciente de insuficiencia de las mensualidades para costear las transferencia en el mediano plazo, a causa del envejecimiento poblacional.

Visita domiciliar a idosos: características e fatores associados / Visita domiciliar a los ancianos: caracteristicas y factores asociados / Home visit to elderly: features and associated factors

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à visita domiciliar na população idosa e suas características segundo os preceitos da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Método: estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra representativa de 340 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais residentes na zona urbana de São Paulo, SP. Resultados: a única variável que apresentou efeito estatisticamente significativo na visita domiciliar foi “passar em consulta médica na UBS” (p-valor = 0,0022). O odds ratio estimado para essa variável foi de 2,369, com intervalo de 95% de confiança. Conclusão: os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que os idosos avaliados eram mulheres na faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos, com baixa escolaridade, renda familiar insuficiente, vivendo sem cônjuge,dependentes do Sistema único de Saúde, havendo presença de doenças crônicas com destaque para hipertensão arterial e incapacidade para desempenho de atividades instrumentais da vida diária.

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with home visits in the elderly population and their characteristics, in accordance with the principles of the Family Health Strategy. Method: A cross-sectional population-based study with a representative sample of 340individuals aged 60 years or older residing in the urban area of São Paulo, SP. Results: The only variable that presented astatistically significant effect on the home visit was a medical visit at the UBS (p-value = 0.0022). The estimated odds ratio for thisvariable was 2,369, with a 95% confidence interval. Conclusion: the results of the present study showed that the evaluated elderly were the women in the age group of 60 to 69 years, low schooling, insufficient family income, living without spouse, dependents ofthe Single Health System, with the presence of chronic diseases with a prominence for hypertension arterial, inability to perform instrumental activities of daily living.

Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados a la visita domiciliaria en la población anciana y sus características, según los preceptos dela Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Método: Estudio transversal de base poblacional con muestra representativa de 340 individuos con 60 años o más residentes en la zona urbana de São Paulo, SP. Resultados: La única variable que presentó efecto estadísticamente significativo en la visita domiciliaria fue pasar en consulta médica en la UBS (p-valor = 0,0022). El odds ratioestimado para esta variable fue de 2,369, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Conclusión: los resultados del presente estudiomostraron que los ancianos evaluados eran las mujeres en el grupo de edad entre 60 y 69 años, baja escolaridad, ingreso familiar insuficiente, viviendo sin cónyuge, dependientes del Sistema Único de Salud, presencia de enfermedades crónicas con destaque para hipertensión, incapacidad para el desempeño de actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria.

Una mirada al manejo odontológico del paciente geriátrico con demencia / A review of dental management for geriatric patients with dementia

Resumen El envejecimiento poblacional, es una realidad que enfrentan la mayoría de países desarrollados y un reto que empiezan a plantearse los países en desarrollo. Tener una vida más larga, es un logro de la humanidad, pero es también una constante preocupación por las repercusiones demográficas, económicas, laborales, sanitarias y éticas que se plantean. Con los cambios asociados a la edad, la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas, la polimedicación y la pérdida de autonomía, el objetivo es ahora procurar una vida en condiciones de calidad y bienestar. Dentro de las enfermedades comunes y asociadas a dependencia, en las poblaciones mayores están las demencias. Con las consecuencias que tiene, por el impacto físico, psicológico, social y económico, sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes, familias y sus cuidadores. El odontólogo tiene un papel fundamental, dentro del equipo multidisciplinario que debe estar a cargo del cuidado y soporte de calidad de vida de éstos pacientes. Fue esa la motivación para realizar éste artículo, que tuvo como objetivo revisar las consideraciones de manejo y terapéutica odontológica, indicadas para cada etapa en la que evoluciona la demencia. Concluyendo que, involucrar al paciente en medidas preventivas tempranas es fundamental para facilitar el manejo y disminuir las complicaciones a medida que progresa la demencia; el adecuado manejo de la salud del paciente con demencia debe involucrar al círculo de cuidadores del paciente y la valoración de las intervenciones terapéuticas odontológicas deberán ser desde una mirada real, más que ideal, ajustada a cada caso individual.

Abstract Population aging is a reality faced by most developed countries and a challenge that developing countries are beginning to face. To have a longer life is an achievement of humanity, but it is also a constant concern for the demographic, economic, labor, health and ethical repercussions that arise. With the changes associated with age, prevalence of chronic diseases, polymedication and loss of autonomy, the aim is now to seek a life in conditions of quality and well-being. Within the common diseases and associated to dependence, in the populations majors are dementias. With the consequences it has, the physical, psychological, social and economic impact on the quality of life of patients, families and their caregivers. The dentist has a fundamental role, within the multidisciplinary team that must be in charge of the care and support of quality of life of these patients. This was the motivation to perform this article, which aimed to review the management and dental treatment considerations, indicated for each stage in which dementia evolves. Concluding that involving the patient in early preventive measures is essential to facilitate management and decrease complications as dementia progresses; The proper management of the health of the patient with dementia should involve the circle of caregivers of the patient and the assessment of therapeutic dental interventions should be from a real, rather than an ideal look adjusted to each individual case.

Trend of Benefit Expenditure in National Health Insurance by Age Group, 2001–2016 / 보건행정학회지

Korea is one of the fastest aging country in the world. The increase in health expenditure is an inevitable problem in an aging country. We examined trend of benefit expenditure in National Health Insurance (NHI) by age group during 2001 to 2016. The benefit expenditure of NHI was 13.0 trillion won (2001) and 48.7 trillion won (2016); that is 3.76 times to 2001. This rapid increase was mostly due to people aged 65 and over. Proportion of beneficiaries aged 65 and over was 6.9% (2001) and 13.7% (2016), benefit expenditure per capita aged 65 and over was 279 thousand won (2001) and 960 thousand won (2016), and utilization days per capita aged 65 and over 21.44 (2001) and 30.23 (2016). This phenomenon was more pronounced in 75 or 85 aged and over. To contain the health costs for older people, the NHI system should be reformed.

Caracterização do envelhecimento populacional no município do Rio de Janeiro: contribuições para políticas públicas sustentáveis / Demographic aging characterization in the city of Rio de Janeiro: contributions to sustainable public policies

Resumo Objetivo Descrever o estágio do envelhecimento populacional no município do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos Estudo ecológico tendo como unidades de observação os 160 bairros que compõem o município, utilizando indicadores sociais e demográficos construídos a partir de informações do Censo 2010. Realizou-se análise exploratória por meio de mapas temáticos e determinou-se a dependência espacial pelo Índice de Moran Global. Para agrupar bairros em estágios semelhantes do envelhecimento foi realizada uma análise de agrupamento a partir do método K-means. Resultados Encontraram-se três grupos de bairros em estágios diferentes de envelhecimento populacional, identificando-se uma tendência espacial no sentido oeste-leste com os bairros da “Zona Sul” se encontrando no estágio mais avançado de envelhecimento. Conclusão O estudo identificou as diferenças no processo de envelhecimento populacional e na composição etária dos bairros, apontando para a necessidade de políticas de saúde pública específicas que contemplem as particularidades desse processo em cada localidade, visando garantir um envelhecimento sustentável.

Abstract Objective Describe the stage of population aging in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Methods Ecological study with the 160 city neighborhoods as observational units, using social and demographic indicators built with information from the 2010 census. The exploratory analysis was undertaken with thematic maps, and the spatial dependence was measured with the Global Moran’s Index. K-means clustering was used for grouping neighborhoods with similar aging stages. Results Three neighborhood clusters in different stages of population aging were found and a spatial trend in the west-east direction was identified, with neighborhoods in the ‘South Zone’ in a more advanced stage of population aging. Conclusion The study identified differences in the population aging process and in the age composition of neighborhoods, indicating the need for specific public health policies that allow for the particularities of this process in each location, aiming a sustainable population aging.

Ethical Value and Feasibility of Medical-Nursing Combined Care Mode in the Background of Population Aging / 中国医学伦理学

With accelerated population aging, traditional pension mode cannot adapt the diversified medical and nursing requirements of the elders. Therefore, it should reposition the function of medical service in pension career and encourage combining medical service with pension service. Through the methods of setting medical insti-tutions in pension institutions with conditions, developing social pension service in medical institutions, pension in-stitutions cooperating with medical institutions,both professional medical service and basic pension service would be offered to the elders, and thus to realize the integration of medical and nursing resources and to improve health con-dition of the elders.

Ethical Issues in the Pension Institutions and Social Transformation of Pension Pattern in China / 中国医学伦理学

This paper mainly discussed the present situation of the pension mode transformation from traditional family pension to social pension. The existing ethical issues in pension institution include: old filial piety thought deeply rooted;institutional care services cannot be carried out caused by unfair distribution balance; humanistic thought of human ethical care implementation does not do well; some agencies have occasional bad behavior. Therefore, this paper proposed some advices based bioethical perspective:for old people and their children, advo-cate the new filial piety;pension institutions not only improving the quality of the hardware but also should strength-en humanistic ethics concern;establish and perfect the laws and regulations, combining the rule of law with moral and ethical;the relevant government departments should insist on and strengthen the principle of fair justice.